Fey
Fey, also spelled as Fae, is a generic term used to refer to any creature associated with the fairy races, such as sprites, pixies, nymphs, etcetera. The term is pretty much as old as the concept of the Land of Faerie itself, but in /tg/ circles was popularized by Dungeons & Dragons, which designated it as one of the basic creature types in 3rd edition.
In Mythology
The image actual medieval Europeans held of the Fae (or "The Fair Folk" as they also called them, hence the word fairy) was nothing like the glittery friendly gits that Disney raised you on. The various fae were generally Chaotic Neutral at best and Chaotic Evil at worst, doing stuff like abducting your newborn child at night and replacing them with their own or burning your crops to the ground for the lulz. As otherworldly inscrutable beings who did with mortals as they pleased, benign ones were uncommon and benevolent ones rare. Of surprising note is the fact that folks would often report "Fey abduction" encounters that had all the same characteristics as modern "Alien abduction" accounts; just replace the Greys and Reptiods with elves and goblins, and the spooky spaceship with some spooky cave or forest.
The list of fey monsters is vast indeed, and includes:
In D&D
Virtually every fey creature that appeared in mythology has appeared in Dungeons & Dragons at some point or another, sometimes as Medieval Europeans imagined them, sometimes as Disney imagined them, sometimes somewhere in between. Fey occupy a weird nebulous point between being magical humanoids and being full-fledged extraplanar beings, like the angels, fiends and elementals. In the World Axis cosmology, and 5e's modified Great Wheel, fey became full-fledged extraplanar beings with their own home plane, the Feywild.
The rulers of the fey are called, imaginatively enough, the Archfey.
Fey creatures often have names preceded by "fairy/faerie", such as the Faerie Dragon.
Shadow Fey
Introduced in the D&D setting of Ravenloft, Shadow Fey are a class of fey creatures who escaped servitude to a monstrous demon-god called Gwydion in the Plane of Shadow by fleeing into the Demiplane of Dread. They are basically a more "Gothic themed" variation of the classic fey creatures of D&D at the time, and are characterized predominantly by their lethal aversion to sunlight and their active embrace of the classic Seelie/Unseelie mythology split, as they stem from a time when fey creatures tended to just sort of "there" in D&D.
For more details, see the Shadow Fey page.
Playable Fey
Many of the various Fey races have been made playable in D&D at one point or another, particularly in the days of Basic and Advanced D&D. However, in one of the more confusing uses of the name, issue #257 of Dragon Magazine presented the Fey as a kind of alternate Elf race for use in its "Dark Ages" mini-setting; a Low Historical Fantasy version of Dark Ages Britain running off of the ADvanced Dungeons & Dragons ruleset.
"Fey elves", visually characterized by their blonde to red-blonde hair and piercing green eyes, function almost exactly like standard AD&D elves, except for a few minor changes:
- Ability Score Minimum/Maximum: Strength 3/18, Dexterity 6/18, Constitution 7/18, Intelligence 8/18, Wisdom 3/18, Charisma 9/18
- Class & Level Limits: Fighter 12, Ranger 12, Thief 13, Bard 13, Wizard (Mage, Abjurer, Diviner, Enchanter) Unlimited
- Multiclassing Options: Fighter/Thief, Fighter/Mage, Fighter/Mage/Thief, Ranger/Thief, Ranger/Mage