Vancian

Refeering to the author Jack Vance, a perpetrator of the 'dying earth' genre of fantasy fiction, of which Gary Gygax was a big fan. In roleplaying games the term 'vancian' became notable because the Dungeons & Dragons magic system, specificaly the way wizards use spellbooks and memorize a certain number of spells per day was based on the magic system Vance used in his books.

Also called "fire-and-forget" spells because after you've cast a spell, you're unable to do it again until you get a good night's sleep and at least an hour to re-study your spellbooks. In Dungeons and Dragons at least, in addition to restudying the spell books, the wizard is also casting most of the spell, and the casting time in the spells stats is just how long it takes him or her to finish casting the spell. Systems that use Vancian magic will also have artifacts with the same limitations, such as scrolls that can be read only once to cast a spell written on it, or wands that use up a number of charges as magical ammunition to cast spells.

4th edition has dropped the spellbook memorization mechanic from previous editions but retained similarity to Vance's magic in the distinction between simpler at-will spells, one-time spells and complex rituals. 4E casters never run out of spells as older edition wizards did (due to memorization issues), but rely on at-will spells (can be cast continuously, without limit) and magic implements (ie wands) for a more Harry Potter feel.

The Vancian system obviously remains in its most pure form in the Jack Vance's Dying Earth RPG.