Imperial Ordnance
Infantry win firefights, tanks win battles, artillery wins wars.
That's how the saying goes. And it's true. Without the big guns you are doomed to be murdered gruesomely for the lulz of it, get eaten or have your soul used as a condom for all eternity. The Imperium knows this and has devised a truly staggering amount of heavy guns dedicated to ruining your shit into next Sunday from anywhere in between half a mile to half a continent away.
Tank Guns
These guns are too large to be carried by infantry (excluding "heavy" weapons such as lascannons and autocannons), but are still small enough that a heavy vehicle, like the Leman Russ Battle Tank, can carry and fire them while in the thick of battle.
Battle Cannon
The primary weapon of the Leman Russ Battle Tank, it is the most commonly used tank gun for good reason: the Battle Cannon can pull double duty as both an anti-tank and anti-infantry weapon thanks to its considerable range (72"), strength (S8 AP3 = instant death to MEQs and capable of damaging any vehicle) and explosion size (5" blast = blob-killer). The cannon proved so popular that it was made the primary armament of the Macharius and Malcador super-heavy tanks, and has been forked into several versions by the Adeptus Mechanicus:
Conqueror Battle Cannon
Fitted to the Leman Russ Conqueror, this is essentially a lighter and smaller version of the Battle Cannon. Its shorter range and smaller blast radius is more than compensated by the reduced recoil and higher rate of fire, allowing for an even greater damage output than a Battle Cannon. On the tabletop, it's a "Heavy" weapon, as opposed to "Ordnance", which allows the carrying vehicle to fire its sponson weapons at full ballistic skill (though, since the Conqueror is not a heavy tank, that only applies if it holds still...).
Macharius Battle Cannon
The Macharius Heavy Tank has a twin-barreled variant of the Battle Cannon, because it has a bigger turret and because two barrels are better than one. It used to actually fire two shots, but that's been changed to a single massive (7") blast in more recent publications.
Vanquisher Battle Cannon
Huge gun, huge range, huge barrel, huge damage. The Leman Russ Vanquisher has its weapon tooled for only one purpose: to fuck enemy tanks and monsters hard using huge shells. It sacrifices its blast radius for an improved capacity for armor penetration (AP2, S8 + 2d6 = 10-20 with an average of 15 = roll for the circumference of the hole that is about to get punched through your armor). The Macharius can carry twin-linked Vanquisher cannons, and has enough internal space that it can also fire high-explosive shells like the regular Macharius Battle Cannon, so it's like two tanks in one -- and it costs about as much as regular Russ and a Vanquisher put together.
The only problem is that the Adeptus Mechanicus lost Tigrus, the only Forge World that made Vanquisher cannons, to the Orks in M35, so the only way to make new Vanquisher tanks is to take the cannons off of tanks that have been immobilized -- not a simple feat, given that the cannon is so dangerous to armor and stands out as a priority target for enemies. Two other Forge Worlds, Stygies VIII and Gryphonne IV have stepped up to try and match the old cannons (read: Forge World, the company, has produced two alternate turrets for Leman Russ Vanquishers), but they're just not quite there (though it makes no difference on the tabletop, of course); .
Demolisher Cannon
The Big One. Fitted onto the Leman Russ Demolisher and packing enough heat to turn Terminators and heavy and super-heavy vehicles inside-out with a single shell, the Demolisher Cannon's short range (24" -- shorter than some infantry weapons) is the only thing that stops it from being a truly amazing weapon. Even then, it can cause considerable damage (S10 AP2 Large Blast = kiss your everything goodbye) and because it is smaller than the other cannons, is one of the few ordnance weapons used by the Space Marines, mounted on the Vindicator and Land Raider Ares, and it is used as secondary armament on certain super-heavy tanks, like Baneblades and the Malcador.
Eradicator Nova Cannon
The Eradicator Nova Cannon fires shells with an unstable "sub-atomic" core (yes, this just might be a tank cannon that fires mini-nukes). These shells are somewhat hazardous to the tank and crew, as they have a non-zero probability of exploding if they get jostled while loading, so most regiments that use Leman Russ Eradicators have a margin for crew losses. They keep using the Nova cannon, though, because the shell's massive blast completely flattens any cover, so unless the targets are power armored, there's no escape for them (S6 AP4 = Instant Death for most standard infantry; less effective for beefier troops).
Super-Heavy Tank Guns
Technically, these guns can be carried and fired by a vehicle in direct combat, but because that vehicle has to be the size of a Baneblade, they deserve a category of their own.
Accelerator Cannon
The main gun of the Fellblade. It fired armor-piercing explosive self-guided "darts" via either magnetic acceleration or gravity impellers. It was also twin-linked, though the Fellblade had severely limited ammunition for it, relying mostly on its other weapons until a suitable target presented itself. It was made on the Forge World of Tigrus (home of the original Vanquisher cannon -- which resembles the Accelerator Cannon quite closely, with the long barrel and large muzzle brake). It can fire high-explosive shells comparable to a super-charged Battle Cannon (S8 AP3 7" Blast) or armor-piercing shells comparable to what would later become the Vanquisher battle cannon (S9 AP2 3" Blast, rolling 2d6 for armor penetration).
Baneblade Cannon
The Baneblade's primary cannon is an upscaled Battle Cannon, improved in strength, armor penetration, and blast radius (S9 AP2 10" blast = 10" wide lascannon pie-plate). Its special shells are not propelled by an explosion, but are rather miniature rockets -- a feature that "counterfeit" Baneblades produced on other Forge Worlds are unable to reproduce, and so they substitute standard battle cannon rounds for them.
Dreadhammer Cannon
Back in the Great Crusade, Perturabo asked the Adeptus Mechanicus to build him a new cannon that could level buildings with a single shell and be carried at a reasonable speed. Because the Horus Heresy hadn't happened yet, and they were thus still feeling like innovating now and then, the tech-priests agreed, and built him the Dreadhammer. It fires shells that weigh several tons, and experiences so much recoil that even the super-heavy Typhon Heavy Siege Tank has to limit the propellant used (and thus the range) if it wants to fire on the move. At first, people made fun of Perturabo for asking for (and getting) a super-Demolisher, but it has a bigger blast radius and, if the Typhon stays still, a longer range, and it really does shake buildings to their foundations. The appearance, name, and firepower of the Dreadhammer cannon suggest some connection with the Baneblade-mounted Hellhammer cannon.
Hellhammer Cannon
The Hellhammer Cannon fires massive shells with a building-busting sub-atomic charge (like the Eradicator Nova Cannon); at over 180 kilograms, they are too big to be launched by a simple charge, and so are rocket-propelled. The tremendous concussive explosion (S10 AP1 10" Blast) is enough to collapse a building in one shot (Ignores Cover), so crews are trained to fire at the ground floors of structures that need to come down. Unfortunately, the Adeptus Mechanicus never considered that crews might want to fire at things other than ground floors of nearby buildings, so the cannon cannot elevate very far (though, if it did elevate too far, the recoil might just rip off the turret) and so has a very short range (a measly 36"). As such, the Hellhammer cannon is only used on tanks that are built for urban combat, like the Hellhammer and Stormsword super-heavy tanks.
Quake Cannon
The Quake Cannon is an odd beast; its firepower is not unusual for a weapon of its size (S9 AP3 10" Blast), but it has a longer range than any other tank gun (180", only exceeded by the Earthshaker and Colossus cannons), and is normally an arm weapon for Warlord Battle Titans. It is occasionally mounted on a Baneblade chassis to make the Banesword, essentially a super-heavy self-propelled artillery piece, primarily employed against fortifications.
Tremor Cannon
Most cannons launch shells that are fuzed to explode on or shortly before impact. Not the Banehammer's Tremor Cannon: after landing it buries into the ground before it detonates. This muffles the blast (S8 AP3 is actually the lowest-strength and worst AP of all the super-heavy tank guns), but it sends a tremendous shockwave through the earth that leaves enemies not caught in the blast stumbling and slowed.
Artillery
Sometimes, the Imperial Guard can't get in range to use tanks, or could, but only at a cost that even the Departmento Munitorum would find staggering, like when they are attacking enemy fortresses. To overcome such obstacles, the Adeptus Mechanicus had a brilliant idea: make even bigger guns with a longer range. These guns are so big that they cannot be fired on the move; they are often built into static defensive positions, or for regiments that need to be more mobile, they may have guns placed on towed platforms, or on self-propelled chassis (see Imperial Ordnance Pieces for more information).
Colossus Siege Mortar
Huge, cumbersome and highly destructive, this weapon is so large it can only be carried by a Leman Russ or heavier. Firing massive concussive rounds that will turn its target to paste (as long as it's a human wearing something less than powered armor -- S6 AP3 is good against infantry blobs, not so much for harder targets), even if they are hiding in cover, the man-sized shells have to be loaded by a special loading arm because they are too heavy to be lifted by hand. Because one cannon wasn't enouxgh, the Imperium built the Dominus Armored Siege Bombard, a variant of the Crassus Armored Assault Transport that carries an automated trio of Colossus cannons (though the Dominus only costs as much as two Colossi...).
Earthshaker Cannon
The Earthshaker Cannon is the Battle Cannon of artillery pieces: common, highly recognizable and very lethal (S9 AP3 5" Blast anywhere within twenty feet). It fires its shots further than any weapon except for the Manticore Launcher Tank and Deathstrike Missile Launcher.
Griffon Heavy Mortar
The Griffon Heavy Mortar is the smallest and lightest of the artillery guns. Its firepower is not impressive (it's S6 AP4 like the Colossus or Eradicator, but doesn't ignore cover), and its range is also relatively short (48"), but because it is so small and light, it can sustain higher rates of fire than other guns and, when carried in the heavy chassis of a Griffon Heavy Mortar Carrier, it can be fired with more accuracy (i.e. re-roll scatter dice).
Medusa Siege Cannon
The Medusa Siege Cannon is the shortest-ranged of the Imperium's artillery weapons (at 36", only the Demolisher is shorter-ranged, though bastion breachers go 48"), but it is not meant to launch munitions over fortified walls; rather, it is meant to shoot fortifications directly and destroy them (which it certainly does, at S10 AP2 5" Blast) -- and when regular shells aren't enough, they can fire special "bastion-breacher" shells that sacrifice blast radius for even better armor penetration (AP1, S10+2d6).