Monarchy

Technically speaking a Monarchy is a system of government in which someone holds the formal title of Head of State until their death or abdication as a Monarch. Typically the title of Monarch is passed down in a family from parent to child, though there are exceptions. Related to Monarchy is Monarchism, the belief that Monarchy is the best form of government.

Monarchy has been a common form of government for much of human history since the Bronze Age at least, though it has not been the case for all of human history. Going by our studies of hunter-gatherer peoples the way things were handled in Stone Age bands rules, matters of policy and other such collective action would be dealt with by having a meeting, talking it out and coming to a consensus. In larger tribes you'd have "Big Men" who'd win influence and some ceremonial roles through strength, charisma and generosity. But once tribes began to grow beyond a certain point and you don't know everyone, these informal set ups don't really work. Monarchy was common as it was an easy system to put up. You just need an opportunist who has the right connections and assembles a team of prominent allies to establish themselves and maintain a position of power. Once the Leader dies, the coalition of backers puts the Leader's kid on the throne so the the good times continue to role setting a precedent.

Monarchy has been in general been on the decline since the Age of Enlightenment and especially after The Great War. In short, from Napoleon onward there's been push against Kings and Queens towards Federations, Republics, Corrupt Republics and various flavors of Dictatorship in which our Glorious Leader does not bother with a crown or leaving things to his son.

Types of Monarchy

• Divine Monarchy: The Monarch is seen as being a God, at least a little bit. Usually the mythology includes the ruling dynasty being of divine descent. IRL examples: Ancient Egypt and the Inca Empire.
• Theocratic Monarchy: Related to Divine Monarchy, the Monarch is the High Priest in the nation's official Religious organization. Though they don't claim to be divine themselves, the system and their position in it is justified by established religious power and authority. IRL examples: pre-modern India, the Vatican.
• Feudal Monarchy: Monarchy, pyramid scheme style. There's a monarch which has (say) five Dukes swear fealty to them as Vassals. The system is mirrored at lower levels with each duke having 5 earls as sworn vassals, each Earl has 5 counts, each count has 5 Barons and each Baron has Five sworn Knightly houses. The Dukes get a measure of internal Peace, assistance against attack, the Benefits of Cooperation and Mediation of Disputes and the Monarchs gets a cut of their tax income and the services of five dynasties each of which has 3,125 Knights. Typically a loose and unstable set-up since if the King issues an order the Dukes don't like they can hold up in their castles and ignore it or if pressed rebel. IRL examples: Medieval Europe, Feudal Japan.
• Elected Monarchy: There are a bunch of Aristocrats which vote one of themselves to sit on the throne. Tend to be unstable and mired in the red tape of inter-dynastic bickering. IRL examples: The Holy Roman Empire, Poland before Austria, Russia and Prussia carved it up.
• Absolute Monarchy: "I Am The State." The Monarch has no formal limits on their power. IRL Examples: The Russian Empire before First Russian Revolution, Pre-Revolutionary France (except for a short 1789-1792 period).
• Parliamentary Monarchy: A Monarch's powers are outlined in a formal Constitution and much of the functioning of state is handled by representative democracy. IRL Examples: Modern Britain, Nordic states.
• Semi-Constitutional Monarchy: A Monarch and democratically elected government share power, kinda like semi-presidential republics. IRL Examples: German Empire (parliament is democratically elected, but Chancellor is appointed by Kaiser), Russian Empire in 1905-1917 (while the elections were not the shining example of democracy, the existance of European-style parliament is enough to get it there).

Monarchy in Fiction

Monarchy tends to be represented a lot in fiction. Largely because it's an easier thing to write about. People can more easily relate to a King or Queen or whatever who tries to grapple with issues than with a Parliament with hundreds of members each with their own constituents, party alignments, agendas, various degrees of hardness and softness on certain issues and the internal Horse Trading as they work out a version of a bill which at least half of them can give at least begrudging approval to.

Monarchy in Fantasy

Monarchy is the norm in Fantasy. So much so that people have argued that Fantasy can come off as Monarchist Propaganda.

Monarchy in Science Fiction

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